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Inscription: Ven 25 Sep 2009 21:36 Messages: 1411
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baade152 a écrit: L' aviation civile s'est penché sur le sujet dans les années 70 .
Sur 5 accidents causés par l' explosion de réservoirs carburant, 2 ont été provoqués par la foudre , et 3 autres par une source électrique interne , ou l' échauffement interne du carburant . On verra plus loin une source possible
Pour le premier en 1963 : B 707 Pan Am : Pan Am Flight 214, a Boeing 707-121Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. Its name is most commonly pronounced as "Seven Oh Seven"... registered as , was a domestic scheduled passenger flight from BaltimoreBaltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is an international commercial airport serving the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area in the United States. It is commonly called BWI, BWI Airport or BWI-Marshall, BWI being an initialism for "Baltimore/Washington International" and... to PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia International Airport Philadelphia International Airport is an airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is the largest airport in the Delaware Valley region and in Pennsylvania. As of 2008 it is the 11th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft activity... , which crashed on December 8, 1963 near Elkton, MarylandElkton, Maryland Elkton is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 11,893 as of the 2000 census and 14,842 according to current July 2008 census estimates. It is the county seat of Cecil County... , after being hit by a lightning strikeLightning strike Lightning strikes are electrical discharges caused by lightning, typically during thunderstorms.Humans can be hit by lightning directly when outdoors. Contrary to popular notion, there is no 'safe' location outdoors. People have been struck in sheds and makeshift shelters... while in a holding pattern, killing all 81 persons on board.
Flight history
On December 8, 1963, Pan Am Flight 214, a Boeing 707-121Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. Its name is most commonly pronounced as "Seven Oh Seven"... four-engine turbojetTurbojet Turbojets are the oldest kind of general purpose jet engines. Two engineers, Frank Whittle in the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept independently into practical engines during the late 1930s, although credit for the first turbojet is given to Whittle who submitted... named Clipper Tradewind by Pan Am, took off from Isla Verde International Airport in San Juan, Puerto RicoSan Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan is the capital and largest municipality in Puerto Rico. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 433,733, making it the 42nd-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States. San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico... at 4:10 p.m. EST, for a flight to Philadelphia with 73 passengers and 8 crew on board. At 7:35 p.m. EST, Flight 214 made an intermediate stop at Friendship International Airport (now called Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall AirportBaltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is an international commercial airport serving the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area in the United States. It is commonly called BWI, BWI Airport or BWI-Marshall, BWI being an initialism for "Baltimore/Washington International" and... , or BWI) for refueling. At 8:24 p.m. EST, Flight 214 departed. Due to high winds in the Philadelphia area, the crew chose to wait in a holding pattern with five other airplanes rather than attempt to land in Philadelphia.
At 8:58 p.m. EST, while in the holding pattern, the aircraft was hit by lightningLightning Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms... , which ignited fuel vapors in the number one (left) reserve tank, causing an explosion. The crew of Flight 214 managed to transmit a final message – "Mayday Mayday Mayday. Clipper 214 out of control. Here we go." – before it crashed near Elkton, MarylandElkton, Maryland Elkton is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 11,893 as of the 2000 census and 14,842 according to current July 2008 census estimates. It is the county seat of Cecil County... . All 81 people on board were killed.
Investigation
The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) investigated the accident, and issued the following Probable Cause statement on March 3, 1965:
FAA reaction
As a result of the crash of Flight 214, the Federal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation Administration The Federal Aviation Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S... ordered lightning discharge wicks to be installed on all commercial jets flying inside U.S. airspace.
Volatile fuel vapor recommendation
On December 17, 1963, nine days after the crash of Flight 214, Leon H. Tanguay, director of the CABCab The word cab has a number of meanings, most of which are abbreviations:In transport:* Cabriolet, a horse-drawn carriage* Taxicab* Cabin * Cab , the driving compartment of a locomotive... Bureau of Safety, sent a letter to the FAA recommending several safety modifications as part of future aircraft design. One modification related specifically to volatile fuel vapors that can form inside of partly empty fuel tanks, which may be ignited by various potential ignition sources and cause an explosion. Mr. Tanguay's letter suggested reducing the volatility of the fuel/air gas mixture by introducing an inert gas, or by using air circulation. Thirty three years later, a similar recommendation was issued by the NTSB (the CAB's successor) after the TWA Flight 800TWA Flight 800 Trans World Airlines Flight 800 was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, NY to Leonardo da Vinci Airport in Rome, Italy, via Paris-Charles de Gaulle in Paris, France... Boeing 747 crash on July 17, 1996, with 230 fatalities, which was also determined to have been caused by the explosion of a volatile mixture inside a fuel tank.source : http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics ... Flight_214et : http://aviation-safety.net/database/rec ... 19631208-0
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